01 Jun 2017

Volume 5 Issue 2

 

From the Editor

This issue really should have something of interest for every orthopaedic surgeon. The breadth of our specialty is truly remarkable and the reports from our specialist society meetings demonstrate the energy of the organisers and participants, their international reach and the inclusion of the whole team. The steadily rising number of attendees at their conferences is a tangible measure of their success.

We have articles on education, professional development and medico-legal issues, but the core theme is basic science. We provide you with up-dates on the fundamental process of fracture healing and the evidence to support our approach to articular cartilage regeneration. Professor Tim Board is the guest editor and has written on the continuing conundrum of avascular necrosis of the femoral head where we still struggle to understand the causes or provide optimal treatment.

The “Getting it right first time” programme now encompasses many specialties though orthopaedics led the way. Rachel Yates explains the rationale of the process that supports clinicians taking the lead to improve outcomes and reduce variation based on sound evidence. It is vital that we take responsibility for stewardship of our resources, but we need to understand how to assess the cost effectiveness of our surgery. Belen Corbacho explains the importance of the QALY and what data you should consider when assessing health technology interventions.

Few things depress a surgeon more than a patient presenting with early infection after knee replacement. The impact on the patient can be catastrophic and it is vital that the right decisions are made as quickly as possible. Rhidian Morgan-Jones provides a clear and logical approach.

There is no doubt that you will want easy access to your copy of “JTO” and refer back to previous editions. We are excited to announce that you can now download the journal via the JTO App – just search for JTO @ BOA on the App Store or Google Play.

 

Phil Turner - BOA Vice President Elect

 

 

Reference Lists

 

The Use of QALYs in the Economic Evaluation of Orthopaedics Treatments

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5. Williams MA, Williamson EM, Heine PJ, Nichols V, Glover MJ, Dritsaki M, et al. Strengthening And stretching for Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand (SARAH). A randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation.Health Technol Assess. 2015 2015/03/09;19(19).

6. Handoll H, Brealey S, Rangan A, Keding A, Corbacho B, Jefferson L, et al. The ProFHER (PROximal Fracture of the Humerus: Evaluation by Randomisation) trial - a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial evaluating the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of surgical compared with non-surgical treatment for proximal fracture of the humerus in adults.Health Technol Assess. 2015 2015/03/31;19(24).

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13. Wiertsema SH, van Dongen JM, Geleijn E, Schothorst M, Bloemers FW, de Groot V, et al. Evaluation of a new Transmural Trauma Care Model (TTCM) for the rehabilitation of trauma patients: a study protocol. 2017;17(1):99.

14. Devlin NJ, Parkin D, Browne J. Patient‐reported outcome measures in the NHS: new methods for analysing and reporting EQ‐5D data. 2010;19(8):886-905.

15. Devlin NJ, Brooks R. EQ-5D and the EuroQol Group: Past, Present and Future. 2017:1-11.

16. Janssen M, Birnie E, Bonsel G. Quantification of the level descriptors for the standard EQ-5D three-level system and a five-level version according to two methods. 2008;17(3):463-73.

17. Pickard AS, De Leon MC, Kohlmann T, Cella D, Rosenbloom S. Psychometric comparison of the standard EQ-5D to a 5 level version in cancer patients. 2007;45(3):259-63.

18. Janssen MF, Birnie E, Haagsma JA, Bonsel GJ. Comparing the standard EQ-5D three-level system with a five-level version. 2008;11(2):275-84.

19. Smith MD, Drummond M, Brixner D. Moving the QALY forward: rationale for change. 2009;12:S1-S4.

Bisphosphonate - associated Femoral Fractures: Lessons Learnt

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2. Khan SA, Kanis JA, Vasikaran S et al. Elimination and biochemical responses to intravenous alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Oct;12(10):1700-7.

3. Whyte MP. Atypical femoral fractures, bisphosphonates, and adult hypophosphatasia. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Jun;24(6):1132-4. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.081253.

4. Lenart BQ Lorich CG, Lane JM. Atypical fractures of the femoral diaphysis in postmenopausal women taking alendronate. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(12):1304-1306.

5. Neviaser AS, Lane JM, Lenart BA et al. Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use. J Orthop Trauma. 2008;22(5):346-350.

6. Odvina CV, Zerwekh JE, Rao DS et al. Severely suppressed bone turnover: A potential complication of alendronate therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(3):1897-1899.  

7. Shane E, Burr D, Abrahamsen B et al. Atypical Subtrochanteric and Diaphyseal Femoral Fractures: Second Report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Vol.29,No.1, January 2014 p1-23 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1998

8. Shane E, Burr D, Ebeling PR  et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Nov;25(11):2267-94. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.253.

9. Abrahamsen B. Bisphosphonate adverse effects, lessons from large databases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010 Jul;22(4):404-9. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32833ad677.

10. Black DM, Kelly MP, Genant HK et al. Bisphosphonates and Fractures of the Subtrochanteric or Diaphyseal Femur. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1761-1771. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001086

11. No author named. Alendronate – risk of low energy femoral shaft fracture. Prescriber Update 30(4):25,November 2009

12. Rizzoli R, Akesson K, Bouxsein M et al. Subtrochanteric fractures after long-term treatment with bisphosphonates: a European Society on Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, and International Osteoporosis Foundation Working Group Report. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Feb;22(2):373-90. doi: 10.1007/s00198-010-1453-5. Epub 2010 Nov 18.

13. Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J et al. for preventing fractures caused by osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane database, September 2011.

14. Thompson R, Phillips JRA, Moran CG. Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate treatment. Experience in two large teaching hospitals. JBJS (Br) 2012; 94(3): 385-390.

15. No author named. Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene, strontium ranelate and teriparatide for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women (amended), NICE technology appraisal guidance [TA161], 2011.

16. Stepan JJ, Burr DB, Pavo I et al. Low bone mineral density is associated with bone microdamage accumulation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Bone 2007,41:378–385.

17. Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE et al for the FLEX Research Group. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment. the fracture intervention trial long-term extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296(24):2927-2938. doi:10.1001/jama.296.24.2927.

18. Diab DL, Watts NB. Bisphosphonate drug holiday: who, when and how long. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2013 Jun; 5(3): 107–111. doi:  10.1177/1759720X13477714

19. Kavanaugh A, Ruderman E. ACR Hotline March 22, 2010, Current on 2014

20. Bhadada SK, Sridhar S, Muthukrishnan J et al. Predictors of atypical femoral fractures during long term bisphosphonate therapy: a case series & review of literature. Indian J Med Res. 2014 Jul; 140(1): 46–54.

21. Girgis CM and Seibel MJ. Atypical femur fractures: a review of the evidence and its implication to clinical practice. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2011 Dec; 3(6): 301–314. doi:  10.1177/1759720X11416270 
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23. Kwek EB, Goh SK, Koh JS et al. An emerging pattern of subtrochanteric stress fractures: a long-term complication of alendronate therapy? Injury 2008 Feb;39(2):224-31. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2007.08.036. Epub 2008 Jan 28.

24. Ernat J, Song D, Fazio M et al. Radiographic changes and fracture in patients having received bisphosphonate therapy for 5 years at a single institution. Military Medicine. 180,12:1214,2015.

25. Donnelly E, Saleh A, Unnanuntana A et al. Atypical Femoral Fractures: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Patient Management. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2012 Sep; 6(3):348-354. doi:  10.1097/SPC.0b013e3283552d7d 

FRCS (T&O): a Trainee's and Educationalist's Perspective on Exam Preparation

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6. Banaszkiewicz PA, Kader DF. Postgraduate Orthopaedics: The Candidate’s Guide to the FRCS (Tr & Orth) Examination. 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press. 2016.

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How I ... Manage the Acutely Infected TKR?

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2. McPherson EJ, Woodson C, Holtom P, Roidis N, Shufelt C, Patzakis M., Periprosthetic total hip infection: outcomes using a staging system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002 Oct ;(403):8-15  

3. Deirmengian C, Kardos K, Kilmartin P, Cameron A, Schiller K, Parvizi J. Combined measurement of synovial fluid α-Defensin and C-reactive protein levels: highly accurate for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Sep 3;96(17):1439-45

4. Zmistowski B, Restrepo C, Huang R, Hozack WJ, Parvizi J., Periprosthetic joint infection diagnosis: a complete understanding of white blood cell count and differential. J Arthroplasty. 2012 Oct; 27(9):1589-93.  

5. Ghanem E, Parvizi J, Burnett RS, Sharkey PF, Keshavarzi N, Aggarwal A, Barrack RL., Cell count and differential of aspirated fluid in the diagnosis of infection at the site of total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Aug; 90(8):1637-4

6. Byren I, Bejon P, Atkins BL, Angus B, Masters S, McLardy-Smith P, Gundle R, Berendt A One hundred and twelve infected arthroplasties treated with 'DAIR' (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention): antibiotic duration and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Jun; 63(6):1264-71.

7. Kuiper JW, Vos SJ, Saouti R, Vergroesen DA, Graat HC, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Peters EJ, Nolte PA. Prosthetic jointassociated infections treated with DAIR (debridement, antibiotics, irrigation, and retention): analysis of risk factors and local antibiotic carriers in 91 patients. Acta Orthop. 2013 Aug;84(4):380-6

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Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: 100 Years of Controversy: But Could the Answers be Forthcoming?

References 
 
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3. Legg AT. 1910. An Obscure Affection of the Hip-Joint. Boston Med Surg J, 17, 162(7), 202-204.  

4. Perry DC, Machin DMG, Pope D, Bruce CE, et al. 2012. Racial and Geographic Factors in the Incidence of LeggCalvé-Perthes Disease: A Systematic Review. Am J Epidemiol, 175(3), 159-66.

5. Tripathy S, Sen R, Dhatt S, Goyal T. 2010. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease Current Concepts. Orthop, 11(1)

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10. Perry DC, Pope D, Bruce CE, Dangerfield P, Hall AJ, Platt MJ. 2013. Hyperactivity and the psychological burden of Perthes disease: a case-control study. J Pediatr Orthop, 33(6), 644-9

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16. Joseph B, Varghese G, Mulpuri K, Narasimha Rao K, Nair NS. 2003. Natural evolution of Perthes disease: a study of 610 children under 12 years of age at disease onset. J Pediatr Orthop, 23(5), 590-600.  

17. Mose K. 1980. Methods of measuring in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease with special regard to the prognosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 150, 103-109.

18. Siddesh ND, Shah H, Tercier S, Pai H, Nair S, Joseph B. 2014. The sphericity deviation score: a quantitative radiologic outcome measure of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease applicable at the stage of healing and at skeletal maturity. J Pediatr Orthop, 34(5), 522-528.

19. Nelson D, Zenios M, Ward K, Ramachandran M, Little DG. 2007. The deformity index as a predictor of final radiological outcome in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 89(10), 1369-74.

20. Wiig O, Terjesen T, Svenningsen S. 2007. Inter-observer reliability of the Stuhlberg classification in the assessment of Perthes disease. J Child Orthop, 1(2), 101-105.

21. Dimeglio A, Canavese F. 2011. Imaging in Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease. Orthop Clin North Am, 42(3), 297-302.

22. Neal D, O'Brien J, Burgess J, Kim HW, International Perthes Study Group. 2015. Quantitative assessment of synovitis in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease using gadolinium-enhanced MRI. J Pediatr Orthop B, 24(2), 89-94.

23. Brech GC, Guarnieiro R. 2006. Evaluation of physiotherapy in the treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Clinics, 61(6), 521-528.

24. Saran N, Varghese R, Mulpuri K. 2012. Do femoral or Salter innominate osteotomies improve femoral head sphericity in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease? A meta analysis. Clin Ortho Relat Res, 470(9), 2383-2393.

25. Wiig O, Terjesen T, Svenningson S. 2008. Prognostic factors and outcome of treatment in Perthes’ disease: a prospective study of 368 patients with five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 90(10), 1364-1371.  

26. Terjesen T, Wiig O, Svenningsen S. 2012. Varus femoral osteotomy improves sphericity of the femoral head in older children with severe form of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 470(9):2394-2401.

27. Joseph B, Rao N, Mulpuri K, Varghese G, Nair S. 2005. How does a femoral osteotomy alter the natural evolution of Perthes disease? J Pediatr Orthop B, 14(1), 10-15.

28. Wichlacz W, Sotirow B, Sionek A, Czop A. 2004. Surgical outcome for children in the early phase of Perthes’ disease. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil, 6(6), 712-717.

29. Young ML, Little DG, Kim HK. 2012. Evidence for using bisphosphonate to treat Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 470(9), 2462-75.

30. Herrera-Soto JA, Price CT. 2011. Core decompression and labral support for the treatment of juvenile osteonecrosis. J Pediatr Orthop, 31(2), S212-216.

31. Hosny GA, El-Deeb K, Fadel M, Laklouk M. 2011. Arthrodiastasis of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop, 31(2), S229-234.  

32. Kurup HV, Clarke NM. 2011. Sugioka transtrochanteric valgus osteotomy for hinge abduction in children. J Pediatr Orthop, 31(7), 727-731

Scrubbing Under the Influence

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2. Parienti JJ, Thibon P, Heller R, Le Roux Y, von Theobald P, Bensadoun H, Bouvet A, Lemarchand F, Le Coutour X. Hand-Rubbing with an aqueous Alcoholic Solution vs Tranditional Hand Scrubbing and 30 Day Surgical Site Infection Rates – A Randomised Equivalence Study. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 288: 722-727

3. Barbut F, Djamjian L, Passot C, Petit JC. Efficacy of 2 Alcohol Based gels and 1 Alcohol Based Rinse for Surgical Hand Disinfection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 1013-1015

4. Widmer AF, Rotter M, Voss A, Nthumba P, Allegranzi B, Boyce J, Pittet D. Surgical Hand Preparation: State-OfThe-Art. J Hosp Infect 2010; 74: 112-122

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7. Kampf G, Ostermeyer C, Heeg P. Surgical Hand Disinfection with a Propanol-Based Hand Rub: Equivalence of Shorter Application Times. J Hosp Infect 2005; 59: 304-310

8. Bessonneau V, Thomas O. Assessment of Exposure to Alcohol Vapour from Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012; 9(3): 868-879

9. Bessonneau V, Clement M, Thomas O. Can intensive Use of Alcohol Based Hand Rubs Lead to Passive Alcoholization? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010; 7: 3038-3390

10. Below H, Partecke I, Huebner NO, Bieber N, Nicolai T, Usche A, Assadian O, Below E, Kampf G, Parzefall W, Heidecke CD, Zuba D, Bessonneau V, Kohlmann T, Kramer A. Dermal and Pulmonary Absorption from Propan-1ol and Propan-2-ol from Hand Rubs. Am J Infect Control 2012; 40: 250-257

11. Driving Vehicle Licencing Agency: Drink Drive Limit. https://www.gov.uk/drink-drive-limit

12. Turner P, Saeed B, Kelsey MC. Dermal Absorption of Isopropyl Alcohol from a Commercial Hand Rub: Implications for its use in Hand Decontamination. J Hosp Infect 2004; 56: 287-290

Propose Changes to Soft Tissue Injury - Whiplash - Claims Process 2017

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2. Evans D (2017) “Chief Executive: How APIL has been fighting on a number of fronts.” PI Focus March  p7

3. Fletcher B (2017) https://www.insurancefraudbureau.org/media-centre/news/2017/ifb-responds-togovernment-whiplash-reforms/

4. Miller I (2017) http://www.piblawg.co.uk/post/2017/02/25/whiplash-injuries-a-tale-of-two-systems1

5. Ministry of Justice(2016) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/581387/reforming-soft-tissueinjury-claims-process.pdf

6. Ministry of Justice (2017) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/581387/reforming-soft-tissueinjury-claims-process.pdf

7. Twambley A (2017) http://accesstojusticeactiongroup.co.uk/access-justice-responds-publication-prisons-courtsbill/

8. Williams D (2017) http://www.axa.co.uk/newsroom/media-releases/2017/response-to-the-reforms-to-thewhiplash-consultation-as-part-of-the-prisons-and-courts-bill/